THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NATIONAL INCOME AND COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT: A DEFENSE ECONOMICS PERSPECTIVE

Khairul Rizqiah(1*), Sri Murtiana(2), Suwito Suwito(3), Maimunah Sambas(4),

(1) Universitas Pertahanan RI
(2) Universitas Pertahanan RI
(3) Universitas Pertahanan RI
(4) Universitas Pertahanan RI
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


Income inequality can hinder the relationship between national income and community empowerment. High inequality allows the rich to become richer while the poor struggle to escape poverty. This disparity limits access to public services, employment, and education, thereby obstructing empowerment. This study analyzes the relationship between national income and community empowerment from a defense economics perspective. It provides policy references for optimizing national income allocation to strengthen economic resilience as a non-military defense component. A quantitative correlational design was employed using Indonesia’s time series data (2013–2022), with Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as the independent variable and the Human Development Index (HDI) as the dependent variable. Results indicate a significant positive correlation (r = 0.982, p < 0.05). However, while GDP more than doubled from 9,084 trillion rupiah (2013) to 19,588 trillion rupiah (2022), HDI increased only moderately from 68.31 to 72.91, suggesting diminishing returns. The study concludes that although national income positively influences empowerment, equitable distribution and broader economic access are essential to ensure welfare improvements. From a defense economics perspective, community empowerment should be reoriented as a strategic component of national economic resilience, integral to a comprehensive non-military defense system.

Keywords


Community empowerment, defense economics, economic development, income inequality, national income

Full Text:

PDF

References


Apriliana, E. S. (2022). Upaya Peningkatan Pendapatan Nasional di Tengah Wabah Virus Corona Perspektif Ekonomi Islam. AL-IQTISHADIYAH Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Dan Hukum Ekonomi Syariah, 6(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.31602/iqt.v6i1.3097

Azis, M., & Hasan, M. (2018). Pembangunan Ekonomi & Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Strategi Pembangunan Manusia Dalam Perspektif Ekonomi Lokal (Zaiful (ed.); kedua). Cv. Nur Lina. https://eprints.unm.ac.id/9409/

Badan Pusat Statistik. (2022). Berita Resmi Statistik. https://web-api.bps.go.id

Badan Pusat Statistik. (2024). Ekonomi Indonesia Triwulan IV-2023 Tumbuh 5,04 Persen (y-on-y). https://www.bps.go.id/id/

Chong, A., & Calderón, C. (2000). Institutional Quality and Income Distribution. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 48(4), 761–786. https://doi.org/10.1086/452476

Dunne, J. P., & Tian, N. (2015). Military Expenditure, Economic Growth and Heterogeneity. Defence and Peace Economics, 26(1), 15–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2013.848575

Dunne, J. P., & Uye, M. (2009). Military Spending and Development (0902; Working Papers). Department of Accounting, Economics and Finance, Bristol Business School, University of the West of England, Bristol. https://doi.org/None

Edi, S. (2010). Membangun Masyarakat Memberdayakan Rakyat Kajian Startegis Pembangunan Kesejahteraan Sosisal & Pekerja Sosial. PT Refika Aditama.

Floerkemeier, H., Spatafora, N., & Venables, A. (2021). Regional Disparities. In How to Achieve Inclusive Growth (pp. 613–644). Oxford University PressOxford. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192846938.003.0017

Furqon, C. (2008). Investasi SDM Melalui Pendidikan dan Nilai Ekonomi Pendidikan. Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi, 5(2). https://doi.org/doi.org/10.31113/jia.v5i2.374

Ghozali, I. (2018). Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate dengan Program IBM SPSS 25 (A. Tejokusumo (ed.); 9th ed.). Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.

Government of the Republic of Indonesia. (2003). Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 17 of 2003 concerning State Finance. In Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 47. Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. https://jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/dok/uu-17-tahun-2003.

Hana, Z. A., & Pujiati, A. (2023). The Influence of Urbanization on Environmental, Economic, and Social Performance. Journal of Economic Education, 12(1), 42–54. https://doi.org/10.15294/jeec.v12i1.71485.

Hartley, K. (2012). The Economics of Defence Policy (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203838778.

Indra, T. M. (2023). Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Bidang Ekonomi Melalui Pengembangan Pariwisata di Tarusan Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan. Comm-Edu (Community Education Journal), 6(1), 37. https://doi.org/10.22460/comm-edu.v6i1.11907.

Kamaroellah, A. (2018). Diktat Pengantar Ekonomi Makro [Lecture notes]. Institut Agama Islam Negeri Madura. https://repository.iainmadura.ac.id/141/1/Usulan Diktat Pengantar Ekonomi.pdf

Kamila, A. R. P. El, & Rochmah, T. N. (2023). Hubungan Tingkat Pendapatan dengan Kepatuhan Peserta Mandiri Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional dalam Membayar Iuran: Literature Review. Jurnal Ilmiah Permas: Jurnal Ilmiah STIKES Kendal, 13(4), 1151–1160. https://doi.org/10.32583/pskm.v13i4.1148

Kartasasmita, G. (1997). Pemberdayaan masyarakat: Konsep pembangunan yang berakar pada masyarakat [Makalah konferensi tidak dipublikasikan]. In Bappenas.

Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia. (2007). Peraturan Menteri dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia Nomor 7 Tahun 2007 tentang Kader Pemberdayaan Masyarakat [Regulation of the Minister of Home Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia Number 7 of 2007 concerning Community Empowerment Cadres]. Ministry of Home Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia. https://jdih.bandung.go.id/home/produk-hukum/peraturan-perundang-undangan-pusat/16341

Land, T., & Hauck, V. (2022). HDP Nexus: Challenges and Opportunities for its Implementation. https://international-partnerships.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2023-05/eu-hdp-nexus-study-final-report-nov-2022_en.pdf.

Macrotrends LLC. (n.d.). Indonesia military spending/defense budget: Historical chart & data (1974-2023). Macrotrends LLC. Retrieved January 15, 2025, from https://www.macrotrends.net/global-metrics/countries/idn/indonesia/military-spending-defense-budget.

Marha, J., Saputro, G. E., & Almubaroq, H. Z. (2022). Pembangunan ekonomi rakyat berbasis kewirausahaan dalam upaya meningkatkan pertahanan negara Indonesia. Jurnal Inovasi Penelitian, 3(2), 4811–4818. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.47492/jip.v3i2.1745.

Njifen, I., & Anemann, A. (2023). Military expenditures and human capital development in sub-Saharan Africa: a system GMM approach. Development Studies Research, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/21665095.2022.2163678.

O’Neill, A. (2024). Indonesia: Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in current prices from 1987 to 2029. https://www.statista.com/statistics/320149/gross-domestic-product-gdp-per-capita-in-indonesia/

Paun, C., Musetescu, R., Isaic, R., Manea, G. C., & Shayb, H. (2021). Economic resilience and the state: A global panel analysis. Economics, Management and Sustainability, 6(2), 34–45. https://doi.org/10.14254/jems.2021.6-2.3

Ranis, G., Stewart, F., & Ramirez, A. (2000). Economic Growth and Human Development. World Development, 28(2), 197–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00131-X

Saba, C. S., & Ngepah, N. (2019). Military expenditure and economic growth: evidence from a heterogeneous panel of African countries. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 32(1), 3586–3606. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2019.1674179.

Sandler, T., & Hartley, K. (2007). Handbook of Defense Economics: Defense in a globalized world (K. Hartley (ed.); 1st ed.). Elsevier. https://econpapers.repec.org/bookchap/eeehdefec/2.htm

Saputro, G. E., Tarigan, H., & Rajab, D. D. A. (2021). The Role of Defense Economic in Economic Growth. Jurnal Pertahanan: Media Informasi Ttg Kajian & Strategi Pertahanan Yang Mengedepankan Identity, Nasionalism & Integrity, 7(2), 330. https://doi.org/10.33172/jp.v7i2.1239.

Sugiarto, E. C. (2019). Continuing Infrastructure Development and Advancing Indonesia. Secretariat of State of the Republic of Indonesia; Secretariat of State of the Republic of Indonesia. https://www.setneg.go.id/baca/index/melanjutkan_pembangunan_infrastruktur_dan_indonesia_maju.

Sugiyono. (2021). Metode penelitian kuantitatif kualitatif dan R dan D (Sutopo (ed.); 3rd ed., Vol. 7). Alfabeta. https://cvalfabeta.com/product/metode-penelitian-kuantitatif-kualitatif-dan-rd-mpkk/.

Supandi. (2020). Ilmu ekonomi pertahanan (defense economics science study) : 13 wawasan strategis memahami bidang studi ilmu ekonomi pertahanan (S. Sundari & I. A. Bimo (eds.); 2nd ed.). Unhan Press.

Suparmono. (2018). Pengantar ekonomi makro teori, soal dan penyelesaian (kedua). UPP STIM YKPN.

Surjantoro, D. (2023, September). Infrastructure for inclusive economic development. Siaran Pers; Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia. https://www.kemenkeu.go.id/informasi-publik/publikasi/siaran-pers/Infrastruktur-untuk-Pembangunan-Ekonomi-Inklusif

Todaro, M. P., & Smith, S. C. (2015). Economic Development (9571st ed.). Pearson. https://students.aiu.edu/submissions/profiles/resources/onlineBook/F5v9e6_Economic Development-2020.pdf

Turner, S., & Clark, P. (2020). Infrastructure Investment and Military Readiness: An Empirical Study. Defense Policy Quarterly, 28(2), 89–105.

Ullah, A., Khan, S., & Pinglu, C. (2024). Income distribution and sustainable development nexus: Fostering poverty reduction and integrated sustainability amidst multi-dimensional regional integration. Sustainable Futures, 7, 100159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2024.100159

Wijaya, N. F. A. (2024). Upaya Peningkatan Produktivitas Tenaga Kerja dalam Mendukung Pembangunan Ekonomi. Artikel; Bappeda Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung. https://babelprov.go.id/artikel_detil/upaya-peningkatan-produktivitas-tenaga-kerja-dalam-mendukung-pembangunan-ekonomi

Yusgiantoro, P. (2014). Ekonomi Pertahanan. PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.33172/jpbh.v15i1.19815

Copyright (c) 2025 Khairul Rizqiah, Sri Murtiana, Suwito, Maimunah Sambas

INDEXED BY:
google_scholar garuda crosref onesearch sinta NELITI

Office Address:
Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat
Republic of Indonesia Defense University
Jl. Salemba Raya No.14, Paseban,Jakarta Pusat, Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta 10440, Indonesia
Email: jurnal.unhan@idu.ac.id

Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY-NC-SA)

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

View Jurnal Pertahanan dan Bela Negara Stats