Separatist and Terrorist Movements in Papua: The Challenges of Social Disaster Management and the Important Role of Human-Made Disaster Intelligence

Tiara Devi Maharani(1*), Aris Sarjito(2), Christine Sri Marnani(3), Hikmat Zakky Almubaroq(4), Reinpal Falefi(5),

(1) Universitas Pertahanan Republik Indonesia
(2) Universitas Pertahanan Republik Indonesia
(3) Universitas Pertamina
(4) Universitas Pertahanan Republik Indonesia
(5) Universitas Pertahanan Republik Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


The Papua secessionist movement hinders Indonesia's stability efforts. The government has implemented measures, deploying intelligence for managing social crises as defined by Law 24 of 2007 on Disaster Management. The present study examines the separatist movement in Papua, its resultant societal upheaval, and the crucial role of intelligence in mitigating this societal crisis. The study explores applying Human-Made Disaster Intelligence, using AI and data tech, to mitigate risks in the Papua case. This study employs a literature review with 26 sources to explore challenges posed by separatist and terrorist movements in Papua. Data is gathered from official sources, excluding personal websites and social media. The study was conducted from January to March 2023. Data analysis utilizes descriptive narratives to qualitatively explore separatist and terrorist movements, social disasters, intelligence, and the Papua region.  The research findings demonstrate that the separatist movement in Papua has resulted in a significant societal calamity, causing conflicts, casualties, and economic challenges. Man-made disaster intelligence is proposed to manage social disasters by collecting and analyzing data related to separatist activities. Intelligence plays a crucial role in detecting and mitigating risks associated with separatism, offering preventive and remedial measures. Challenges include limited resources and the need for collaboration among intelligence agencies. Strategic measures to enhance intelligence involve increased resources, collaboration, transparency, and the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for data analysis. The complexity of using AI in countering separatist movements requires careful consideration of data sources, collection methods, and reliability measures. 

Keywords


Human-made Disaster; Intelligence; Papua; Separatist; Social Disaster Management; Terrorist

Full Text:

PDF

References


Aditra, I. P. (2021). 2 Guru Tewas Ditembak, 3 Sekolah Dibakar dan 1 Kepsek Sempat Diculik KKB, Ini Faktanya. Retrieved from Kompas website: https://regional.kompas.com/read/2021/04/10/053800978/2-guru-tewas-ditembak-3-sekolah-dibakar-dan-1-kepsek-sempat-diculik-kkb-ini?page=all

Aifadopoulou, G., Chaniotakis, E., Stamos, I., Mamarikas, S., & Mitsakis, E. (2018). An Intelligent Decision Support System for Managing Natural and Man-Made Disasters. International Journal of Decision Support Systems, 3(1–2), 91–105. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijdss.2018.094263

Anderson, B. (2015). Papua’s Insecurity: State Failure in the Indonesian Periphery. Honolulu: East-West Center.

Arifin, I. (2007). Membuka Cakrawala Ekonomi. Bandung: PT Grafindo Media Pratama.

Breakspear, A. (2013). A New Definition of Intelligence. Intelligence and National Security, 28(5), 678–693. https://doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2012.699285

Butt, A. I. (2017). Secession and Security: Explaining State Strategy against Separatists. New York: Cornell University Press.

Cao, L. (2023). AI and Data Science for Smart Emergency, Crisis, and Disaster Resilience. International Journal of Data Science and Analytics, 15(3), 231–246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41060-023-00393-w

Clark, R. M. (2019). Intelligence Analysis: A Target-Centric Approach. Washington DC: CQ Press.

CNN. (2021). BIN Kini Labeli KKB Papua sebagai Kelompok Separatis Teroris. Retrieved from CNN website: https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20210426100104-12-634683/bin-kini-labeli-kkb-papua-sebagai-kelompok-separatis-teroris

DPR. (2021). Penetapan KKB Papua Sebagai Teroris Patut Diapresiasi. Retrieved from DPR website: https://www.dpr.go.id/berita/detail/id/33084/t/penetapan+kkb+papua+sebagai+teroris+patut+diapresiasi

Dzulfaroh, A. N., & Nugroho, R. S. (2023). Mengapa Masalah KKB di Papua Tak Kunjung Teratasi?. Retrieved from Kompas website: https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2022/03/28/203000865/mengapa-masalah-kkb-di-papua-tak-kunjung-teratasi?page=all

Fakhrul, M., Ras, A. R., & Kardi, K. (2022). Keamanan Nasional Sebagai Sebuah Konsep Sistem Pertahanan dan Keamanan Bagi Indonesia. Syntax Literate; Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia, 7(7), 9016–9027. https://www.jurnal.syntaxliterate.co.id/index.php/syntax-literate/article/view/8476

Febrianti, S. W., Arum, A. S., Dermawan, W., & Akim, A. (2019). Penyelesaian Konflik Internal antara Pemerintah Indonesia dengan Gerakan Separatisme di Papua melalui Mekanisme Horse-Trading. Society, 7(2), 83–100. https://doi.org/10.33019/society.v7i2.86

Gill, P., & Phythian, M. (2018). Intelligence in an Insecure World. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.

Haripin, M. (2022). Intelijen dan Keamanan Nasional di Indonesia Pasca-Orde Baru. Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia.

Haris, S. (2005). Desentralisasi dan Otonomi Daerah: Desentralisasi, Demokratisasi & Akuntabilitas Pemerintahan Daerah. Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia.

Hernawan, B. (2017). Torture and Peacebuilding in Indonesia: The Case of Papua. Oxford: Routledge.

Hernawan, B. (2019). Papua. The Contemporary Pacific, 31(2), 536–544. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/70264

Ilmar, A. (2017). Radikalisme Gerakan Berbasis Etnis: Kasus Organisasi Papua Merdeka. The Indonesian Journal of Public Administration (IJPA), 3(2), 72–87. https://doi.org/10.52447/ijpa.v3i2.990

Kenshanahan, A. (2023). Dari GPK, KKB, ke Teroris: Status Kelompok Bersenjata di Papua & Konsekuensinya. Retrieved from Kumparan website: https://kumparan.com/agaton-kenshanahan1536243987012/dari-gpk-kkb-ke-teroris-status-kelompok-bersenjata-di-papua-and-konsekuensinya-1zspjyjf4wj

Legg, S., & Hutter, M. (2007). A Collection of Definitions of Intelligence. ArXiv, 157, 17-24. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.0706.3639

Mahyudin, E. (2016). Tantangan Intelijen dalam Kontra-Terorisme di Indonesia: Suatu Pandangan. Intermestic: Journal of International Studies, 1(1), 23–35. https://intermestic.unpad.ac.id/index.php/intermestic/article/view/6

Mangku, D. G. S. (2022). Perubahan Status dari Gerakan Separatisme menjadi Gerakan Terorisme pada Organisasi Papua Merdeka (OPM): Sebuah Analisis. Bunga Rampai Isu-Isu Krusial tentang Radikalisme dan Separatisme, 54.

Mardiani, I. P., Anisah, I., Hasibuan, M., & Fadilah, N. (2021). Konflik Internal Antara Pemerintah Indonesia Dengan Gerakan Separatis di Papua. Jurnal Syntax Fusion, 1(2), 49–57. https://doi.org/10.54543/fusion.v1i2.12

Marit, E. L., & Warami, H. (2018). Wacana “Papua Tanah Damai” dalam Bingkai Otonomi Khusus Papua. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial, 16(1), 41–46. https://www.academia.edu/80223772/Wacana_Papua_Tanah_Damai_Dalam_Bingkai_Otonomi_Khusus_Papua

McKendrick, K. (2019). Artificial Intelligence Prediction and Counterterrorism. London: The Royal Institute of International Affairs-Chatham House.

Munir, M. (2021). Manajemen Mitigasi Bencana dalam Perspektif Intelijen. Surabaya: Jakad Media Publishing.

Pamungkas, C., & Rusdiarti, S. R. (2017). Updating Papua road map: proses perdamaian, politik kaum muda, dan diaspora Papua. Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia.

Phythian, M. (2013). Understanding the Intelligence Cycle. Oxford: Routledge.

Pratama, B., Saputra, D. D., Novianti, D., Purnamasari, E. P., Kuntoro, A. Y., Gata, W., Wardhani, N. K., Sfenrianto, S., & Budilaksono, S. (2019). Sentiment analysis of the Indonesian police mobile brigade corps based on Twitter posts using the SVM and NB methods. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1201(1), 12038. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1201/1/012038

Putri, D. L., & Nugroho, R. S. (2023). Siapa KKB Papua, Tujuan, dan Daftar Kejahatannya. Retrieved from Kompas website: https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2022/03/08/120000965/siapa-kkb-papua-tujuan-dan-daftar-kejahatannya?page=all

Sembiring, M. E. P., & Simon, A. J. (2022). Papua Separatist Terrorist Groups Detection through Osint and Counter Intelligence Effort (Osint Detection Study on the Baintelkam Polri Separatist Management Unit). Konfrontasi: Jurnal Kultural, Ekonomi Dan Perubahan Sosial, 9(1), 62–69. https://www.konfrontasi.net/index.php/konfrontasi2/article/view/192/203

Sitoresmi, A. R. (2022). KKB Adalah Kelompok Kriminal Bersenjata, Ketahui Sejarah dan Tujuannya. Retrieved from Liputan6 website: https://www.liputan6.com/hot/read/5016769/kkb-adalah-kelompok-kriminal-bersenjata-ketahui-sejarah-dan-tujuannya

Sugandi, Y. (2008). Analisis Konflik dan Rekomendasi Kebijakan Mengenai Papua. Jakarta: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.

Suwandi, D. (2019). Aksi Penembakan KKB, Pembangunan Jalan Trans Papua Terhambat. Retrieved from Kompas website: https://regional.kompas.com/read/2019/12/02/16052441/aksi-penembakan-kkb-pembangunan-jalan-trans-papua-terhambat?page=all

Suwandi, D. (2022). Fakta Tewasnya 8 Pekerja di Distrik Beoga Papua, Ditembaki KKB Saat Perbaiki Tower BTS. Retrieved from Kompas website: https://regional.kompas.com/read/2022/03/04/072200578/fakta-tewasnya-8-pekerja-di-distrik-beoga-papua-ditembaki-kkb-saat-perbaiki?page=all

Syafruddin, B. P. D. (2018). Perpolisian Masyarakat: Tantangan Terorisme di Indonesia Sekarang dan Masa Depan. Bandung: Humaniora.

Tohari, A., Saputra, D., Novrian, D., Yanuardy, D., Taschler, L., Muntaza, S., & Soumahu, R. (2011). Dinamika Konflik & Kekerasan di Indonesia. Jakarta: Yayasan Tifa.

Tumanggor, A. (2022). Daftar Nama Panglima TPNPB-OPM, Otoritas Pemerintahan dan Hierarki Organisasi Papua Merdeka. Retrieved from Tribun News website: https://medan.tribunnews.com/2022/10/09/daftar-nama-panglima-tpnpb-opm-otoritas-pemerintahan-dan-hierarki-organisasi-papua-merdeka

Uddin, M. I., Zada, N., Aziz, F., Saeed, Y., Zeb, A., Ali Shah, S. A., Al-Khasawneh, M. A., & Mahmoud, M. (2020). Prediction of Future Terrorist Activities Using Deep Neural Networks. Complexity, 2020, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1373087

Uppal, R. (2022). Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the Future of Terrorism and Counter Terrorism. Retrieved from International Defense, Security & Technology website: https://idstch.com/security/artificial-intelligence-ai-is-the-future-of-terrorism-and-counterterrorism/

Verianty, W. A. (2023). OPM adalah Organisasi Papua Merdeka, Pelajari sejarah Terbentuknya. Retrieved from Liputan 6 website: https://www.liputan6.com/hot/read/5360736/opm-adalah-organisasi-papua-merdeka-pelajari-sejarah-terbentuknya

Widjojo, M. S., Elisabeth, A., Pamungkas, C., & Dewi, R. (2008). Papua Road Map. Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor.

Wilensky, H. L. (2015). Organizational Intelligence: Knowledge and Policy in Government and Industry (Vol. 19). Quid Pro Books.

Wilujeng, N. F., & Risman, H. (2020). Examining ASEAN Our Eyes Dealing with Regional Context in Counter-Terrorism, Radicalism, and Violent Extremism. International Journal of Social Sciences, 6(1), 267–281. http://dx.doi.org/10.20319/pijss.2020.61.267281




DOI: https://doi.org/10.33172/jp.v9i3.14659

INDEXED BY:
Journal Terindex di Garuda

Office Address:
Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat
Republic of Indonesia Defense University
Jl. Salemba Raya No.14, Paseban,Jakarta Pusat, Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta 10440, Indonesia
Email: jurnal.unhan@idu.ac.id

Lisensi Creative Commons
Jurnal Pertahanan: Media Informasi tentang Kajian dan Strategi Pertahanan yang Mengedepankan Identity, Nasionalism dan Integrity is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.