Components of the Anthracnose Disease Epidemic in Plants

Abstract

Anthracnose, caused by various species  of Colletotrichum, is one of the major diseases in tropical plants that has a significant impact on agricultural productivity. This disease can attack various important commodities such as fruits, vegetables, and plantation crops, with symptoms in the form of dark spots on leaves, fruits, and stems that have the potential to cause crop losses and decreased product quality. This study discusses the components of the anthracnose disease epidemic, including etiology, variation in pathogen species and host specificity, clinical symptoms, and environmental factors that influence disease development. In addition, the potential for biological control strategies using antagonistic microbes such as Trichoderma spp was also discussed., Bacillus subtilis, Paenibacillus polymyxa, and Streptomyces spp., which works through the mechanisms of competition, antibiotics, and the induction of plant resistance. Biocontrol is considered environmentally friendly and sustainable, but it still faces challenges in formulation and application in the field, so further research is needed, especially relevant to tropical conditions. An omics technology-based approach is recommended to accelerate the identification of potential biological agents. This study is expected to be a reference for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers in developing effective and sustainable anthracnose management strategies to support food security in the tropics.