The Combination of Manned and Unmanned Combat Aircraft (UCAV) as a Collaborative Combat Operations to Strengthen Indonesia's Air Defense System

Riyan Eko Prasetiyo(1*), Romie Oktovianus Bura(2), Gita Amperiawan(3), Muhammad Nainar(4), Sezsy Yuniorrita Yusuf(5), Ony Afriyanto(6),

(1) Universitas Jenderal Soedirman
(2) Republic of Indonesia Defense University
(3) Indonesian Aerospace Inc
(4) Indonesian Aerospace Inc
(5) Indonesian Aerospace Inc
(6) Bandung Institute of Technology
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


Airspace violations that occur in Indonesia are a form of threat to state sovereignty, national security, and national safety. The violations are actions taken by foreign military and civilian aircraft that enter the country's territory without permission. Therefore, a strong national air defense system is needed. Ambush fighters with fast reaction capabilities are one of the main elements in a strong national air defense system. The fighter ambush mission can be accompanied by stealth unmanned aircraft technology similar to fighter aircraft, namely Unmanned Combat Aircraft (UCAV), as a Collaborative Combat Aircraft (CCA) mission. This mission collaborates with fighter aircraft and UCAVs to achieve air defense system dominance. In applying the mission, a concept of operation is needed as a guide in carrying out air defense operations. Therefore, this research aims to develop a concept of operations that combines fighter aircraft and UCAVs. The operation concept is developed based on the doctrine of the Air Force and the defense industry, through structured interview methods, forum group discussions, and literature studies. The results showed that collaboration between fighter aircraft and UCAV can fulfill future combat. The proposed operational capability consists of a new generation of unmanned aircraft focusing on collaborative missions and flying alongside 4.5-generation or later manned fighters. The Combat Air Patrol (CAP) concept of operations is one option for collaboration between fighters and UCAVs, with cruise, interception, and air superiority phases. Collaboration is carried out with the division of tasks between fighters and UCAVs. In conclusion, the concept of operations by combining fighter aircraft and UCAV can be applied in Indonesia's air defense system, to create a strong national defense system.

Keywords


Air Defense System, Collaborative Combat Aircraft, UCAV, Concept of Operations

Full Text:

PDF

References


Abdussamad, Z., & Rapanna, P. (2021). Qualitative Research Methods. Makassar: CV Syakir Media Press.

Agus, S. (2017). Between Needs and Demands. Bogor. Universitas Pertahanan Indonesia.

Air Force Information Service. (2023). Entering Indonesian Territory Without Permission, Indonesian Air Force Orders Foreign Aircraft to Land. Retrieved July 24, 2023, from https://tni-au.mil.id/masuk-wilayah-indonesia-tanpa-izin-tni-au-perintahkan/

Air Force Technology. (2023). Collaborative Combat Aircraft (CCA). Retrieved April 19, 2024, from Air Force Technology website: https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/collaborative-combat-aircraft-cca-usa/?cf-view

Ball, R. E. (2003). The Fundamentals of Aircraft Combat Survivability: Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition. Reston: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.

Çakin, U. (2018). Conceptual Design of a Stealth Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle with Multidisciplinary Design Optimization. Retrieved from OpenMETU website: https://open.metu.edu.tr/handle/11511/27177

Coppin, J. (2014). Aerodynamics, Stability and Shape Optimisation of Unmanned Combat Air Vehicles (University of Sheffield). Retrieved from https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/6987/1/thesis-Joe-Coppin.pdf

Dassault Aviation. (n.d). Introduction. Retrieved December 28, 2023, from https://www.dassault-aviation.com/en/defense/neuron/introduction/

Department of Defense of the United States of America. (2003). Glossary of Definitions, Ground Rules, and Mission Profiles to Define Air Vehicle Performance Capability. Pentagon: U.S. Department of Defense.

Dirgantara, A., & Meiliana, D. (2023). Panglima TNI Ungkap Pesawat Militer AS Sering Langgar Wilayah Udara Indonesia Sepanjang 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023, from kompas.com website: https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2023/07/11/09284011/panglima-tni-ungkap-pesawat-militer-as-sering-langgar-wilayah-udara#google_vignette

Duan, H., Wei, X., & Dong, Z. (2013). Multiple UCAVs Cooperative Air Combat Simulation Platform Based on PSO, ACO, and Game Theory. IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, 28(11), 12–19. https://doi.org/10.1109/MAES.2013.6678487

Gapiński, D., Krzysztofik, I., & Koruba, Z. (2018). Multi-Channel, Passive, Short-Range Anti-Aircraft Defence System. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 98, 802–815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2017.05.032

General Atomics Aeronautical. (2022). GA-ASI’s Gambit Series: The Future of Collaborative Combat Aircraft. Retrieved December 26, 2023, from https://www.ga-asi.com/ga-asi-gambit-series-the-future-of-collaborative-combat-aircraft

Ghufron, M. M., Herdiansyah, A. G., & Nuraeni. (2018). Air Power Development Strategy to Maintain Indonesian National Security as the World Maritime Axis. Central European Journal of International & Security Studies, 12(4), 144–164. Retrieved from https://cejiss.org/air-power-development-strategy-to-maintain-indonesian-national-security-as-the-world-maritime-axis-a-study-on-the-air-territory-of-the-national-air-defense-command-sector-i

Government Regulation No. 4 of 2018 concerning Security of the Republic of Indonesia’s Air Territory., Pub. L. No. 4 (2018).

Gunzinger, M. A., Stutzriem, L. A., & Sweetman, B. (2024). The Need for Collaborative Combat Aircraft for Disruptive Air Warfare. Arlington: Air & Space Forces Association. Retrieved from https://mitchellaerospacepower.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/the-need-for-ccas-for-disruptive-air-warfare-full-final.pdf

Handini, W. P., & Risdiarto, D. (2019). Kedaulatan Wilayah Udara di Atas Alur Laut Kepulauan Indonesia (ALKI). Jurnal Rechts Vinding, 8(2), 277–292. http://dx.doi.org/10.33331/rechtsvinding.v8i2.318

Hartanto, R. S., & Dani, H. (2016). Studi Literatur: Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Dengan Software Autocad. Jurnal Kajian Pendidikan Teknik Bangunan, 1(1), 1–6. Retrieved from https://ejournal.unesa.ac.id/index.php/jurnal-kajian-ptb/article/view/35881

Kong, W., Zhou, D., Yang, Z., Zhang, K., & Zeng, L. (2020). Maneuver Strategy Generation Of Ucav For Within Visual Range Air Combat Based On Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning And Target Position Prediction. Applied Sciences, 10(15), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10155198

Kumar, R. (2011). Research Methodology: A Step-By-Step Guide For Beginners. California: Sage Publications Ltd.

Law Number 1 of 2009 concerning Aviation. , Pub. L. No. 1 (2009).

Law Number 2 of 2002 concerning National Defense. , Pub. L. No. 2 (2002).

Law Number 43 of 2008 concerning State Territory. , Pub. L. No. 43 (2008).

Leedy, P. D., & Ormrod, J. E. (2013). Practical Research: Planning and Design (10th ed.). Boston: Prentice Hall.

Lestari, N. H. (2023). Data Terbaru Jumlah Pesawat Tempur Indonesia. Retrieved December 20, 2023, from https://nasional.tempo.co/read/1750043/data-terbaru-jumlah-pesawat-tempur-indonesia

Liersch, C. M., Cummings, R. M., & Schütte, A. (2022). NATO STO/AVT-251: A Joint Exercise in Collaborative Combat Aircraft Design. Retrieved July 24, 2023, from https://review.sto.nato.int/index.php/journal-issues/spring-2022/avt-324/39-a-joint-exercise-in-collaborative-combat-aircraft-design

Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldana, J. (2014). Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook (3rd ed.). California: Sage.

Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Indonesia. (2015). Buku Putih Pertahanan Indonesia. Jakarta: Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Indonesia.

Penney, H. R. (2022). Five Imperatives for Developing Collaborative Combat Aircraft for Teaming Operations. Arlington: The Mitchell Institute for Aerospace Studies.

Permana, E. (2022). Pelanggaran Ruang Udara Oleh Pesawat Militer Asing di Indonesia Meningkat. Retrieved December 26, 2023, from Anadolu Ajansi website: https://www.aa.com.tr/id/nasional/ksau-pelanggaran-ruang-udara-oleh-pesawat-militer-asing-di-indonesia-meningkat/2261229

SAE International. (2023). The Future of Collaborative Combat Aircraft. Retrieved from https://www.sae.org/highlights/the-future-of-collaborative-combat-aircraft

Silalahi, U. (2009). Metode Peniltian Sosial. Bandung: PT. Refika Aditama.

Siswanto. (2004). Peranan Radar dalam Sistem Pertahanan Udara Nasional Sebagai Salah Satu Tugas Pokok TNI AU: Studi Terhadap Ancaman Kedaulatan NKRI di Udara. Universitas Indonesia.

Sparrow, R. J., & Henschke, A. (2023). Minotaurs, Not Centaurs: The Future of Manned-Unmanned Teaming. PARAMETERS: Contemporary Strategy & Landpower, 53(1), 115–130. https://doi.org/10.55540/0031-1723.3207

Sudirin, S., Darmawan, W. B., & Hendra, H. (2022). Peran TNI AU Dalam Manajemen Pertahanan Udara (Studi pada Kohanudnas dalam Menggunakan Sishanudnas). Aliansi : Jurnal Politik, Keamanan Dan Hubungan Internasional, 1(1), 63–70. https://doi.org/10.24198/aliansi.v1i1.38868

Tianyuan, H. & Xiongqing, Y. (2009). Aerodynamic/Stealthy/Structural Multidisciplinary Design Optimization of Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, 22(4), 380–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1000-9361(08)60114-4

Tirpak, J. A. (2023). Collaborative Combat Aircraft Will Join the Air Force Before NGAD. Retrieved December 20, 2023, from Air & Space Forces Magazine website: https://www.airandspaceforces.com/collaborative-combat-aircraft-ngad-timeline/

US Air Force. (2024). Collaborative Combat Aircraft (CCA), USA. Retrieved April 19, 2024, from Air Force Technology website: https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/collaborative-combat-aircraft-cca-usa/?cf-view

Utama, A. B., & Anwar, S. (2021). Sejarah Penggunaan Pesawat Terbang Tanpa Awak (PTTA) dalam Perang Modern dan Persiapan Militer Indonesia. Jurnal Pertahanan & Bela Negara, 11(3), 167–181. https://doi.org/10.33172/jpbh.v11i3.1190

Widjajanto, A. (2023). Pertahanan Ibu Kota Negara. In Lemhannas RI. Lemhannas RI. https://www.lemhannas.go.id/images/2023/materi_kup/0203_seminar_nasional_unjani.pdf

Widodo, S. (2019). Implementasi Kebijakan Pembangunan Kekuatan Pertahanan Udara. Jurnal Ilmiah M-Progress, 9(2), 163–183. https://doi.org/10.35968/m-pu.v9i2.345

Wulansari, E. S. & Dermawan, W. (2011). Empowerment of Air Defense Area in Military Operations Other Than War ( Case Study of Indonesia Air Force Support in Handling Terrorism ). International Journal of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, 7(2), 78–85. https://doi.org/10.20469/ijhss.7.20002-2




DOI: https://doi.org/10.33172/jp.v10i1.19444

INDEXED BY:
Journal Terindex di Garuda

Office Address:
Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat
Republic of Indonesia Defense University
Jl. Salemba Raya No.14, Paseban,Jakarta Pusat, Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta 10440, Indonesia
Email: jurnal.unhan@idu.ac.id

Lisensi Creative Commons
Jurnal Pertahanan: Media Informasi tentang Kajian dan Strategi Pertahanan yang Mengedepankan Identity, Nasionalism dan Integrity is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.